My motherland at Takeo province since i was at high school i live with my family.
i graduated from the National University of Management in field Management as my best school for me and also graduated from English literature ,Information Technologies.Now i pursuing the Study MSc the Master of Technologies in Telecommunication,Directorate remote study of SakimManipal University,India by Build Bright University.Now i working at Telecom company as the position of Wireless BSS Engineer. see favorite provinces:
Ratanakiri province
Takeo province
Prey veng province
Kompong cham province
Kratie province
Steng treng province
Ratanakiri province
Takeo province
Prey veng province
Kompong cham province
Kratie province
Steng treng province
See my telecom doc
Voice Evolution Solutions
As networks evolve to meet new requirements, there are common themes that must be addressed:
Mobile Voice Consolidation– Mobile Service Providers have a unique set of challenges that involve not only handling traditional mobile voice calls, but increasingly those voice calls must compete for resources with data and video calls and fixed-mobile-convergence (FMC) calls. Effectively using All-IP networks, increasing bandwidth efficiency and improving reliability are keys to succeeding in this consolidation.
PSTN Consolidation – Customer demand for new services offers an exciting opportunity to build new sources of revenue and reverse competitive losses. By taking existing technologies and deploying them in new ways, Service Providers can offer innovative solutions that provide benefits to both consumer and business users, while also improving reliability and reducing operating costs.
Multi-Media Innovation Solutions
Successful solutions that combine voice, video, text and data can have a dramatic effect on revenues and on customer retention. They also have the ability to create havoc with the core network components if those components have not been designed for growth and flexibility. Particularly in the area of applications which combine traditional telecommunications services with Internet services, providing a compelling user experience requires coordination of all pieces of the service chain, from ordering to provisioning to billing. This type of end-to-end expertise requires a solid partnership with the core network supplier and the ability to deliver a range of solutions, including:
Media Sharing – When users, particularly business users, want to have a conversation, it no longer includes just voice. They want to share presentations, streaming video feeds and even web browser pages, all while carrying on a voice conversation, and they want this experience on both fixed and mobile phones. Users are ready to sign up for these services, but the core network must support all aspects of the experience for the Service Provider to run a successful service.
Seamless Roaming – Users want the simplicity of a single telephone for all of their communications needs, but mobile phones don't always work indoors, users don't like to provide their mobile number to some callers and when the user is not at home, they don't want to receive calls to that number. The same scenario is true for business users, who dislike having to manage multiple voicemail boxes and telephone numbers. The ability to have a single device for all types of calls in all types of situations is a powerful solution to user needs. This solution should also apply to all types of media – voice, video and Internet.
Convergent Multi-Media communication – The ability to have a "conversation" that includes not only voice, but also video and data, is fast becoming a requirement for both business users and consumers. For businesses, a cost-effective way to share presentations, along with voice over both fixed-line and mobile phones is a strong requirement. For consumers, easily being able to set up a conference with family members to show the latest pictures of the kids is an attractive new service. In both cases, however, the service must be fast, flexible and simple to use.
Leveraging Web 2.0– The growth in social networks, the proliferation of "mashups", there is no end to the creativity that is characterized as Web 2.0. In many cases, adding communications and information known to Service Provides, like the user's current location, can significantly enhance the value of the service. The challenge has been in how a Service Provider can become part of the Internet Value Chain. An intelligent core network, along with an integrated Service Delivery Platform (SDP) can boost customer retention and invigorate services revenue by allowing a seamless Web 2.0 experience.
i Manager N2510
Based on the profound understanding of the operation and maintenance in the access network, Huawei has launched the i Manager 2510 line assurance system (hereinafter referred to as the N2510). As an industry-leading integrated optical-copper line expert, the N2510 is characterized by "accurate, stable, fast". N2510 can help carriers to locate faults accurately, improve line quality, improve the service provisioning efficiency, and improve line bandwidth, which in turn improve service quality and reduce OPEX.
i Manager U2520 IP Network Assessment and Optimization System
The U2520 is the new-generation service assurance system that is developed by Huawei, features high precision and high performance, and is used to manage the service quality in the IP domain. The IP transformation of bearer networks is an inevitable trend. With the rapid progress of services such as the IPTV service and the enterprise private line service, operators invest high in the IP and SA domains increasingly, with yearly compound growth exceeding 20%. The U2520 is the dashboard that is oriented to the IP service quality. Specifically, it monitors IP service quality, locates service faults and identifies causes of the faults, supports the pre-warning about the deterioration of the service quality, and implements the operation and maintenance (OAM) of an IP network in an unsolicited manner. In the case of the OAM of an IP bearer network, the U2520 can provide the quantitative data of the quality of experience (QoE) that reflects the end user satisfaction. In this manner, the IP OAM department and the service department can obtain the data of the same dimension, which reduces the difficulty in determinig the fault owner effectively. Therefore, the faults in the IP domain need not be located by experts across departments, which increase the OAM efficiency effectively and improve the end user satisfaction.
The U2520 is the new-generation service assurance system that is developed by Huawei, features high precision and high performance, and is used to manage the service quality in the IP domain. The IP transformation of bearer networks is an inevitable trend. With the rapid progress of services such as the IPTV service and the enterprise private line service, operators invest high in the IP and SA domains increasingly, with yearly compound growth exceeding 20%. The U2520 is the dashboard that is oriented to the IP service quality. Specifically, it monitors IP service quality, locates service faults and identifies causes of the faults, supports the pre-warning about the deterioration of the service quality, and implements the operation and maintenance (OAM) of an IP network in an unsolicited manner. In the case of the OAM of an IP bearer network, the U2520 can provide the quantitative data of the quality of experience (QoE) that reflects the end user satisfaction. In this manner, the IP OAM department and the service department can obtain the data of the same dimension, which reduces the difficulty in determinig the fault owner effectively. Therefore, the faults in the IP domain need not be located by experts across departments, which increase the OAM efficiency effectively and improve the end user satisfaction.i Manager MDS6600 Network Planning and Modeling
ASON has been an inevitable trend of the transport network. The ASON features bring higher resource usage, more flexible service grooming, and higher network survivability. At the same time, ASON brings new challenges to the network planning and maintenance of operators. How to quickly plan network capacity network-wide in the most optimized way? How to perform an all-round check on the network planning data to meet various security requirements of operators? How to appraise network security and find out the bottleneck where network congestion may occur? These are the new challenges to operators.
ASON has been an inevitable trend of the transport network. The ASON features bring higher resource usage, more flexible service grooming, and higher network survivability. At the same time, ASON brings new challenges to the network planning and maintenance of operators. How to quickly plan network capacity network-wide in the most optimized way? How to perform an all-round check on the network planning data to meet various security requirements of operators? How to appraise network security and find out the bottleneck where network congestion may occur? These are the new challenges to operators.Huawei is dedicated to guaranteeing security for products and solutions. From the year 2002, Huawei has launched a series of world-leading products and solutions relating to storage and network security for telecommunications carriers and enterprises all over the world. As of now, Huawei storage and network security products are successfully used by more than 100 telecommunications carriers and enterprises from over 40 countries
By constantly focusing on telecommunications services and requirements of the industry and customers, Huawei has launched a series of storage and network security solutions, covering IT resource management, storage management, service continuity, IT risk management, stereo security, and regulation compliance. In addition, Huawei has provided a complete set of solutions to meet a variety of customer services and application requirements from the aspects of carriers, government, finance, resources, transportation, medical treatment, education, and NSP. To meet the needs of customers in telecommunications industry, Huawei presents comprehensive security solutions centered around telecommunications services, namely, the security solutions for the entire telecommunications network, NGN network, BOSS and charging systems, DCN network, China Mobile network, customer service systems, intelligence network, SMS, and telecommunications network security evaluation and consultation services.
Huawei has established a powerful technical support platform, supporting comprehensive network security R&D, product marketing, and product delivery, which covers almost all the provinces and cities in China. Additionally, more than 400 experts are available any time for providing reliable security service for customers.
Huawei is always active in taking part in finalizing multiple international security standards. In addition, Huawei has played a leading role in releasing the ITU-T mobile security standards, that is, the x.1124, x.1125, x.1089 security standards, thus laying a sound foundation for Huawei to be one of the most important organizations in proposing major standards for storage and network security both at home and abroad.
see the water fall
One day I went to outside with my friend for having some eating at one restaurant situated at the west of Phom Penh city, its name Choupknaar Somlanh restaurant (Meeting Friends restaurant).That day I am likely to loss sightseeing because I am so upset feeling and dislike that place, just go. When I am
setting edge of whole place with my friend, Sokha and my uncle, Sophal.immediatly, I saw one girl and that it seemly occur bizarre in my mind.so,I start to up my face to see her but I cannot see her face because it was the gloomy night it so blur blur. Quickly she talking to her friend around her as known all to me possibly 20 minute or 30 minute, am not clear remembers. She back home at after that. when she walk to the gate of restaurant, I also tag behind her without she know and she was sent to homeby
my friend .i still take a look to her all the time, I think she did not know of my glance.1 minute she leave away from me already go back my sit and resume my party with my friend but from the past time I
always think of her and have a strange feeling of her and ask to my friend about something of her as
well as her phone number but nobody know.lucky,one of my friend tell me so am very happy at the time and so have a special thanks to him. one or two day after or eternity I sent the SmS to her every day and all the time but my sms,I think not mean full because i am not a voice man just ask her “How a u today and Have a dinner ready or what time go to bed?”.But she always tell me .her sms make me happy and so glad but I don’t know that should continue my communication with her because I never seen her before .am still remember oneday she called me to meet her near the Sydney super market ,I almost reject this promise but I cannot. What is make me cannot is the shame of my behave to face
i really love her because i ...........
with her friend because I know myself as the person who speechless with the person who I never know in the past.when I met her like what am think she went there with her friend so friendly and talk to me much that time myself so afraid.,I don know why.we ,met each other may be 10 or 20 minute and after that she ask me go to other place,really.100%percent I cannot go because my heart almost have problem it run so quickly …,hurry up go back my friend I want go home to do something more I lie my friend.................
Cambodia Resort
Kirirom is the resort which situation at Kompon Speu province.it is the elegant place of the nature ,every day not only the working day but also weekend .there are many of tourism both foreign and Khmer.
My like in the green nature because when i see it i have a strange mood.
Welcome to Kirirom Hillside Resort. Our luxury resort beautifully set in natural surroundings with mountain views and tropical gardens. Experience life's goodness as only we can give. Let the good things happen right here, right now at Kirirom Hillside Resort and Hotel. As soon as you step into the resort entrance, you will be warmly greeted as you feast your eyes on the most exquisite view and luxurious facilities, provided to ensure you total pleasure.
and also take the pic of pair of love i see He,likely mutually love
The next day we discovered that the horseriding would not materialise either, but not particularly bothered, we went on a long walk to find waterfalls. The park looked a bit like I imagine the big American parks to look, great expanses, tall trees, boulders etc. I managed to find someone selling beautiful floral crowns, so had to buy one - being a hippy and all - and felt a bit like something out of midsummers nights dream - lovely. The same people were selling what could only be described as tree jewellery - natural hanging plants that you tie round trees, presumably to beautify them. Interesting. Marvelously we got completely lost and found ourselves at a pagoda (where the monks live) by what appeared to be some rapids but could not be called a waterfall as such... nice though! Fortunately a very dodgey looking man on a moto - clearly ex KR - offered to drive us to where we had gone wrong... and yes that would be all four of us on the moto - driver, me, Al and Charlie - going uphill.... Unsurprisingly, his vehicle started to make some somewhat disturbing noises... but we got their eventually. When we got to the waterfall - again, it was more water than fall but the environs were like a deserted village - clearly at some other time they anticipated many people - but we were still the only foreigners we'd seen since leaving Phom Pehn and there didnt seem to be any khmer tourists either....Thanking our driver kindly and paying him generously we made a quick getaway - keen to move on by ourselves and continue our walk... and then head back to Phnom Penh for a farewell to Charlie who was now heading to Mumbai via Bangkok - as you do.blissfully deserted! Intrepid explorers...
All in all a really lovely excursion! Managed to get some pretty swift transport connections back to PP - which
all the pic take along the way te.......After much thumbing of the lonely planet, plans were afoot. We decided to hire motorbikes, head to Kirirom National park and do some horseriding. As it happened there were no bikes to rent for love nor money (we tried both) so we bussed it down to the turn off and then got moto rides up the mountain. We arrived and were the only people there - blissful! It felt deserted - a feeling that would re-occur many times during my stay in Cambodia - mainly because Cambodia was developing fairly rapidly in the early 70s and then the clocks were turned back to 'year zero' but some of the infrastructure remained. Kirirom was a Khmer Rouge base until fairly recently. We settled in to a lovely view at sunset and ate the feast that somehow the people who ran the lodge were able to prepare for us - had they been expecting us - they certainly werent expecting anyone else - we WERE the clientele!
at the site i have many pic tiet.....See the resort
inside the waterAll in all a really lovely excursion! Managed to get some pretty swift transport connections back to PP - which was great as that night we would be taken by a guy from the guesthouse to the local kareoke (pronounced Kara-OK) joint for some proper fun, Khmer style. This was a great place where you could either hum a ditty from the stage or from your seat and where there were clearly some professional amatueurs...to his credit Charlie gave what sounded to me and Al like a bona fide Khmer rendition of something - whether the locals thought so -who knows - it went down a storm though! A really great evening. That night I said a big sad farewell to Charlie. He'd picked me up from the islands and we'd started the Cambodian adventure together - we'd had a lot of laughs and a lot of good chats... but his path takes him home, and mine takes me onwards...
National Park
Phnom Penh Resort
My country culture history
The whole Angkor period spans for more than VI centuries, and more precisely from IX till XV century. During this period the Khmer empire reached its maximum splendor as one of the most powerful southeast asian kingdoms. In this period the whole area of Angkor was buit. We can consider Jayavarman II as the man that started everything. He define himself Devaraja (good king) and he established the Khmer empire in 802.
After him, Indravarman, a king considered by many of its time an usurper: we prefer to remember him for starting building the Baray, a complex irrigation system to bring waters in the area of Angkor. He also started to build the Bakong and the Preah Ko temples. His son Yasovarman went further in his father's project: he built the Phnom Bakheng and the Lolei temples, and with him, Angkor become the new capital of the kingdom. These two king further extent the Baray's system too.
Then the capital was moved to Koh Ker for a short period, under the kingdom of Jayavarman IV, an usurper, but after only 14 years Angkor become again the capital under Rajendravarman II. His son, Jayavarman V, was instead a great king, and with him the empire expanded to its maximum extent. Two wonderful temples, as Banteay Srei and Ta Keo were built.
After him, Udayaditavarman II built the pyramid of Baphuon and the western Mebon (we are now at the half of XI century), and here we are really close to the very peak of the Khmer civilization, two great king the left once forever their footstep in the history of this planet and they are Suryavarman II and Jayavarman II. The first king built Bang Melea but it also the one that built Angkor Wat. The second king has built Preach Khan, Ta Phrom and Angkor Thom.
As you will see with your eyes these last temple are traces of a high level civilization, with an exquisite taste for art. An enormous job that involved not only an army of thousands workers doing the hard job, building, moving rock and materials and so on. There was another parallel army of thousands of artists and artisans. Angkor Wat is also them. We will never know their names, or their faces, but what they left us fulfill our hearts with something magic. The walls of Angkor, they also speak about their lives, their customs, their salaries: Angkor was not only a religious place, but a capital crowded with a million people.
Angkor Wat (Khmer:) is a Hindu temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and part of his capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation — first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early South Indian Hindu architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "City Temple"; Angkor is a vernacular form of the word នគរ nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word नगर nagara meaning capital or city. wat is the Khmer word for temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its founder, Suryavarman II.
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 km north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred on the Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.
The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113 – c. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and part of his capital city, which itself was seventeen times bigger than Manhattan Island. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as Vrah Vishnulok after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometres to the north.
In the late 13th century, King Jayavarman VIII, who was Hindu, was deposed by his son in law, Srindravarman. Srindravarman had spent the previous 10 years in Sri Lanka becoming ordained as a Buddhist monk. Hence, the new King decided to convert the official religion of the empire from Hindu to Buddhist. Since Buddha was born and died a Hindu and since divisions between both the faiths appeared seamless, citizens were quick to follow a faith founded on tranquility without a need for material gain and power. This made the conversion relatively easy. Hence, Angkor Wat was converted from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was Antonio da Magdalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decorations and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of". However, the temple was popularised in the West only in the mid-19th century on the publication of Henri Mouhot's travel notes. The French explorer wrote of it:"One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site.
There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.[7]
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation.[8] Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.[9]
The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with its neighbor Thailand, France and the United States. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863.[10]
The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on August 11, 1863. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Thai control since the Thai invasion of 1431 AD.[11] Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.
During the midst of the Vietnam War, Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk hosted Jacqueline Kennedy in Cambodia to fulfill her "lifelong dream of seeing Angkor Wat."[12]
In January 2003 riots erupted in Phnom Penh when a false rumour circulated that a Thai soap opera actress had claimed that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand.
General plan of Angkor WatAngkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″ECoordinates: 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire's state temples, the later plan of concentric galleries, and influences from Orissa and the Chola of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean.[14] Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level.[15]
Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.[16] Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction—prasavya in Hindu terminology—as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services.[8] The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower.[17] It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse.[18] Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.[14]
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above."[19][20] Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles.[17] She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.[21]
The northwest tower of the inner gallery at sunset
Angkor Wat has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design, which has been compared to the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style."[23]
Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work.[24] Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.[25]
The Angkor Wat style was followed by that of the Bayon period, in which quality was often sacrificed to quantity.[26] Other temples in the style are Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chao Say Tevoda and the early temples of Preah Pithu at Angkor; outside Angkor, Beng Mealea and parts of Phanom Rung and Phimai.
Aerial view of Angkor Wat
The Temple viewed from the northwestThe outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres (203 acres), which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets.[29] Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.[29]
This model of Angkor Wat shows the half-galleries of the lower level and towers at the corners of the second-level galleries intact.The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu.[2] Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Buddhas"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.[30] North and south of the cloister are libraries.
Detailed plan.Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.[31] Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods.[32] This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four.[33] The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.[34]
The monument was made out of enormous amounts of sandstone, as much as Khafre's pyramid in Egypt (over 5 million tons). This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The stone was presumably transported by raft along the Siem Reap river. This would have to have been done with care to avoid overturning the rafts with such a large amount of weight. One modern engineer estimated it would take 300 years to complete Angkor Wat today.[40] Yet the monument was begun soon after Suryavarman came to the throne and was finished shortly after his death, no more than 40 years.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1,000 square meters of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stone mason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet (1.2 m), this took about 60 days to carve.[41] Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone.[42] The labour force to quarry, transport, carve and install this much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skill required to carve these sculptures was developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts found that were dated to the seventh century before the Khmer came into power.[18][40]
.Remark: Every link is not posted by me ,just edited the link,right or wrong up to visitor or original posted ,am not confrontation with the law. Gol
By constantly focusing on telecommunications services and requirements of the industry and customers, Huawei has launched a series of storage and network security solutions, covering IT resource management, storage management, service continuity, IT risk management, stereo security, and regulation compliance. In addition, Huawei has provided a complete set of solutions to meet a variety of customer services and application requirements from the aspects of carriers, government, finance, resources, transportation, medical treatment, education, and NSP. To meet the needs of customers in telecommunications industry, Huawei presents comprehensive security solutions centered around telecommunications services, namely, the security solutions for the entire telecommunications network, NGN network, BOSS and charging systems, DCN network, China Mobile network, customer service systems, intelligence network, SMS, and telecommunications network security evaluation and consultation services.Huawei has established a powerful technical support platform, supporting comprehensive network security R&D, product marketing, and product delivery, which covers almost all the provinces and cities in China. Additionally, more than 400 experts are available any time for providing reliable security service for customers.
Huawei is always active in taking part in finalizing multiple international security standards. In addition, Huawei has played a leading role in releasing the ITU-T mobile security standards, that is, the x.1124, x.1125, x.1089 security standards, thus laying a sound foundation for Huawei to be one of the most important organizations in proposing major standards for storage and network security both at home and abroad.BSC Doc
Click Here see BSC system,BSC System
....................................................................................................................................... see the water fall
setting edge of whole place with my friend, Sokha and my uncle, Sophal.immediatly, I saw one girl and that it seemly occur bizarre in my mind.so,I start to up my face to see her but I cannot see her face because it was the gloomy night it so blur blur. Quickly she talking to her friend around her as known all to me possibly 20 minute or 30 minute, am not clear remembers. She back home at after that. when she walk to the gate of restaurant, I also tag behind her without she know and she was sent to homeby
my friend .i still take a look to her all the time, I think she did not know of my glance.1 minute she leave away from me already go back my sit and resume my party with my friend but from the past time I
always think of her and have a strange feeling of her and ask to my friend about something of her as
i really love her because i ...........
Along one anything I, eventually I go to the birthday my cousin and she go as well and many of my friends really know that I have the time to met her again ,and I don no it is the good or not for me but I don assume the day te cos that I so happy already ……..i justify that am nothing to think only my mind think of her again tiet hauy and don no that I fall in the miserable or whatever happen I don no .i always pay my sight to her all the time ………in fact the time for me so little nas ,a bit time will go she was gone back home ,am so gloomy and I trace my sight till final …
The time later I have contact to her all the time ……………
Cambodia Resort
Kirirom is the resort which situation at Kompon Speu province.it is the elegant place of the nature ,every day not only the working day but also weekend .there are many of tourism both foreign and Khmer.
My like in the green nature because when i see it i have a strange mood.
Welcome to Kirirom Hillside Resort. Our luxury resort beautifully set in natural surroundings with mountain views and tropical gardens. Experience life's goodness as only we can give. Let the good things happen right here, right now at Kirirom Hillside Resort and Hotel. As soon as you step into the resort entrance, you will be warmly greeted as you feast your eyes on the most exquisite view and luxurious facilities, provided to ensure you total pleasure.
We are always a step ahead. Everything you need, ready even before you ask, from the minute you walk in to the moment we say, "See you again!" And if there is something else on your mind, just ask and we would be more than happy to deliver.
The next day we discovered that the horseriding would not materialise either, but not particularly bothered, we went on a long walk to find waterfalls. The park looked a bit like I imagine the big American parks to look, great expanses, tall trees, boulders etc. I managed to find someone selling beautiful floral crowns, so had to buy one - being a hippy and all - and felt a bit like something out of midsummers nights dream - lovely. The same people were selling what could only be described as tree jewellery - natural hanging plants that you tie round trees, presumably to beautify them. Interesting. Marvelously we got completely lost and found ourselves at a pagoda (where the monks live) by what appeared to be some rapids but could not be called a waterfall as such... nice though! Fortunately a very dodgey looking man on a moto - clearly ex KR - offered to drive us to where we had gone wrong... and yes that would be all four of us on the moto - driver, me, Al and Charlie - going uphill.... Unsurprisingly, his vehicle started to make some somewhat disturbing noises... but we got their eventually. When we got to the waterfall - again, it was more water than fall but the environs were like a deserted village - clearly at some other time they anticipated many people - but we were still the only foreigners we'd seen since leaving Phom Pehn and there didnt seem to be any khmer tourists either....Thanking our driver kindly and paying him generously we made a quick getaway - keen to move on by ourselves and continue our walk... and then head back to Phnom Penh for a farewell to Charlie who was now heading to Mumbai via Bangkok - as you do.blissfully deserted! Intrepid explorers...
All in all a really lovely excursion! Managed to get some pretty swift transport connections back to PP - which
at the site i have many pic tiet.....See the resort
Phnom Penh Resort
My country culture history
The whole Angkor period spans for more than VI centuries, and more precisely from IX till XV century. During this period the Khmer empire reached its maximum splendor as one of the most powerful southeast asian kingdoms. In this period the whole area of Angkor was buit. We can consider Jayavarman II as the man that started everything. He define himself Devaraja (good king) and he established the Khmer empire in 802.
After him, Indravarman, a king considered by many of its time an usurper: we prefer to remember him for starting building the Baray, a complex irrigation system to bring waters in the area of Angkor. He also started to build the Bakong and the Preah Ko temples. His son Yasovarman went further in his father's project: he built the Phnom Bakheng and the Lolei temples, and with him, Angkor become the new capital of the kingdom. These two king further extent the Baray's system too.Then the capital was moved to Koh Ker for a short period, under the kingdom of Jayavarman IV, an usurper, but after only 14 years Angkor become again the capital under Rajendravarman II. His son, Jayavarman V, was instead a great king, and with him the empire expanded to its maximum extent. Two wonderful temples, as Banteay Srei and Ta Keo were built.
After him, Udayaditavarman II built the pyramid of Baphuon and the western Mebon (we are now at the half of XI century), and here we are really close to the very peak of the Khmer civilization, two great king the left once forever their footstep in the history of this planet and they are Suryavarman II and Jayavarman II. The first king built Bang Melea but it also the one that built Angkor Wat. The second king has built Preach Khan, Ta Phrom and Angkor Thom.
As you will see with your eyes these last temple are traces of a high level civilization, with an exquisite taste for art. An enormous job that involved not only an army of thousands workers doing the hard job, building, moving rock and materials and so on. There was another parallel army of thousands of artists and artisans. Angkor Wat is also them. We will never know their names, or their faces, but what they left us fulfill our hearts with something magic. The walls of Angkor, they also speak about their lives, their customs, their salaries: Angkor was not only a religious place, but a capital crowded with a million people.
Angkor Wat (Khmer:) is a Hindu temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and part of his capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation — first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early South Indian Hindu architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "City Temple"; Angkor is a vernacular form of the word នគរ nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word नगर nagara meaning capital or city. wat is the Khmer word for temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its founder, Suryavarman II.
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 km north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred on the Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.
The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113 – c. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and part of his capital city, which itself was seventeen times bigger than Manhattan Island. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as Vrah Vishnulok after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometres to the north.
In the late 13th century, King Jayavarman VIII, who was Hindu, was deposed by his son in law, Srindravarman. Srindravarman had spent the previous 10 years in Sri Lanka becoming ordained as a Buddhist monk. Hence, the new King decided to convert the official religion of the empire from Hindu to Buddhist. Since Buddha was born and died a Hindu and since divisions between both the faiths appeared seamless, citizens were quick to follow a faith founded on tranquility without a need for material gain and power. This made the conversion relatively easy. Hence, Angkor Wat was converted from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was Antonio da Magdalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decorations and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of". However, the temple was popularised in the West only in the mid-19th century on the publication of Henri Mouhot's travel notes. The French explorer wrote of it:"One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site.
There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.[7]
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation.[8] Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.[9]
The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with its neighbor Thailand, France and the United States. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863.[10]
The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on August 11, 1863. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Thai control since the Thai invasion of 1431 AD.[11] Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.
During the midst of the Vietnam War, Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk hosted Jacqueline Kennedy in Cambodia to fulfill her "lifelong dream of seeing Angkor Wat."[12]
In January 2003 riots erupted in Phnom Penh when a false rumour circulated that a Thai soap opera actress had claimed that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand.
Architecture
[edit] Site and plan
Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.[16] Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction—prasavya in Hindu terminology—as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services.[8] The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower.[17] It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse.[18] Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.[14]
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above."[19][20] Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles.[17] She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.[21]
[edit] Style
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture—the Angkor Wat style—to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime have been suggested.[22]Angkor Wat has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design, which has been compared to the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style."[23]
Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work.[24] Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.[25]
The Angkor Wat style was followed by that of the Bayon period, in which quality was often sacrificed to quantity.[26] Other temples in the style are Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chao Say Tevoda and the early temples of Preah Pithu at Angkor; outside Angkor, Beng Mealea and parts of Phanom Rung and Phimai.
[edit] Features
[edit] Outer enclosure
The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge.[27] There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper.[28] Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.[27] Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth.
[edit] Central structure
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Buddhas"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.[30] North and south of the cloister are libraries.
[edit] Decoration
Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat's extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, "the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving".[35] From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.
Glaize writes of;
"... those unfortunate souls who are to be thrown down to hell to suffer a refined cruelty which, at times, seems to be a little disproportionate to the severity of the crimes committed. So it is that people who have damaged others' property have their bones broken, that the glutton is cleaved in two, that rice thieves are afflicted with enormous bellies of hot iron, that those who picked the flowers in the garden of Shiva have their heads pierced with nails, and thieves are exposed to cold discomfort."[36]On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92[37] asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice).[38] It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, "The workmanship is at its worst"[39]) and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna.
[edit] Construction techniques
The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that were sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The Khmer architects never made the curved arches used by the Romans. They did create a corbelled arch, but this often proved unstable and collapsed.The monument was made out of enormous amounts of sandstone, as much as Khafre's pyramid in Egypt (over 5 million tons). This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The stone was presumably transported by raft along the Siem Reap river. This would have to have been done with care to avoid overturning the rafts with such a large amount of weight. One modern engineer estimated it would take 300 years to complete Angkor Wat today.[40] Yet the monument was begun soon after Suryavarman came to the throne and was finished shortly after his death, no more than 40 years.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1,000 square meters of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stone mason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet (1.2 m), this took about 60 days to carve.[41] Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone.[42] The labour force to quarry, transport, carve and install this much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skill required to carve these sculptures was developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts found that were dated to the seventh century before the Khmer came into power.[18][40]
.Remark: Every link is not posted by me ,just edited the link,right or wrong up to visitor or original posted ,am not confrontation with the law. Gol
See also
No comments:
Post a Comment